Which component lines and protects a well from collapse and contamination?

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Metal casing lines the borehole, providing a rigid lining that keeps the walls from collapsing and creates a barrier that helps isolate the aquifer(s) from surface contamination. The casing runs from the surface down into the well and is typically cemented or grouted around it to seal the annulus, which prevents contaminants from traveling down the borehole and helps keep different groundwater zones separated. While gravel packing and screens play important roles in filtering water and preventing sediment intrusion at the intake, they do not provide the overall structural lining or a full-length barrier to contamination. Springs aren’t part of standard well construction.